Facturing co



e. 1. MEYER.

BOTTLE WASHING MACHINE.

. APPLI CATION FILED NOV; 22. I915. 1,310,128. Patented July 15, 1919.

4. SHEETSSHEET I.

G. J. MEYER.

BO TTLE WASHING.MACHINE. APPLRIATION FiLED NOV-22.1915.

1,310,128. Patented Ju1y15, 1919.

w/r/vssses [elm MU).

6,1. MEYER.

BO TTLE WASHING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILZD NOV. 22, I915.

1,310,128; PatentedJ'l-llyls, 1919.

4 SHEETSSHEE1 3.

e. JfMEYER; BOTTLE WASHING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED NOV. 22. 1915- v1,319,128. Patented July 15, 1919.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4- ITED STATES GEORGE J. MEYER, 0F MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN,ASSIGNOR '10 GEO. J'. MEYER MANU- FACTURING 00., OF MILWAUKEE,WISCONSIN, A CORPORATION OF WISCONSIN BOTTLE-WASHING MACHINE.

Application filed November 22, 1915.

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, GEORGE J. MEYER, a.citizen of the United States. and resident of Milwaukee, in the countyof Milwaukee and 'State of Wisconsin, have invented new and usefulImprovements in Bottleashing Machines, of which the following is adescription, reference being had to the accompa-nying drawings, whichare a part of this specification.

This invention has for its object to provide a bottle washing machine ofthe type in which the bottle conveyer is given a continuous travelingmotion, and the washing and brushing mechanism is given a reciproeatingtravel to cooperate with the bottles successively while the latter aretraveling, such type of bottle washer being exemplified by Patent No.1,095,290, to Daniel Schmid. dated May 5, 1914.

Another object of this invention is to provide such a bottle washingmachine with mechanism for moving brushes into and out of the bottleswith a dwell motion that will prolong the time interval that the brushesremain within the bottles and that will produce a slight longitudinalreciprocation of the brushes before withdrawing them from thebottles,-and thus improve the effectiveness of the operation of thebrushes.

Another object of the invention is to provide means for readilyadjusting the degree of the brush traveling movement to adapt themachine for use with bottles of dilferent sizes.

Another object of the invention is to provide asafety stop mechanismwhich will automatically disconnect the machine from its driving meansupon the occurrence of an abnormal resistance to the operation of themachine from any cause.

Another object of the invention is to provide a'siinple and eflicientmeans for driving the brush spindles.

Another object of the invention is to provide such a bottle washingmachine with an automatic loading chute which will be adapted to receivebottles from a conveyer of a soaker or the like. and will invert thebottles and insert them in the openings of the bottle carriers of themachine.

Another object of the invention is to pro-- vide such a machine with anelectrically lighted inspection discharge chute onto Specification ofLetters Patent.

Patented July 15, 1919.

Serial No. 62,706.

which the washed bottles are deposited from.

the couve-yer chain of bottle carriers.

Another object of the invention is to provide an automatic unloadingmeans for shifting the bottles from the inspection chute onto a conveyerfor removing them from the machine.

Another object of the invention is to perfect details of construction ofsuch a machine generally.

lVith the above and other objects'in view the invention consists in thebottle washing machine as herein claimed and all equivalents.

Referring to the accompanying drawings, in which like characters ofreference indicate the same parts in the different views,

Figure 1 is a side View of a bottle wash ing machine constructed inaccordance with this invention;

Fig. 2 is a detail view showing the unloader in its raised position;

Fig. 3 is a detail View showing the reversing loader in position toreceive bottles from the feeding couveyer;

Fig. -l is a plan view of the machine;

Fig. 5 is a plan view of the gear box;

Fig. 6 is a transverse sectional view thereof:

Fig. 7 is a sectional view through the train of bottle carriers. showingthe bottle clamps, cleaning brushes, and rinsers cooperating therewithFig. 8 is a plan view of the parts shown in Fig. 7; r

Fig. 9 is a detail view on the line w-mbf Fig. 8;

Fig. 10 is a front view of the automatic stop;

Fig. 11 is a side view thereof; and,

Fig. 12 is a plan view thereof.

In these drawings 15 indicates a frame mounted upon adjustable supports16 by which it may be leveled, and 17 is a cam shaft suitably journaledtherein and having gearing connection with a. suitably driven shaft 18.Sprocket wheels 19 on a shaft which is geared to cam shaft 17 givemotion to a chain conveyer 20 which passes therearound and also aroundidle sprockets 21 and 22. This chain conveyor has the links of the chainmembers thereof connected by wooden cross strips 23 forming bottlecarriers having tapering openingsto receive the necks of bottles so thatthe bottles are carried thereby in an inverted position. .& pair ofcross-shaped frames 24 are suspended by links 25 on each side of theframe and together they form a vertical slotted swinging guide framecarrying the bottle clamping mechanism and the brushing and rinsingmechanism. This guide frame is reciprocated by having a roller 26 on oneof the links 25 traveling in a cam groove of a cam gear 27 on the camshaft 17, which groove 1 is so shaped as to produce the slow forward andquick return movement of the frame. Slidably mounted in the verticalslots of the frame 24 is a lower clamping frame 28 which is movedvertically in the slots-by means of adjustable links 29 connecting itwith levers 30 which are pivotally mounted on the frame 24 and areoperated by a bell crank lever 31 which is fulcrumed on the frame andhas a roller at one end riding in a cam groove of the cam gear 27, whilea link at the other end connects it with one of the levers 30. ()n thelower clamping frame 28 are carried rows of spring pressed telescopingsleeves 33 to form yielding funnel-shaped bottlemouth-engaging membersthrough which brush spindles 34 pass to enter the bottles, as will belater described. On this frame also are a series of water pipes 35having funnel-like bott-le-mouth-engaging members 36 to fit against thebottles, While jets of water are ejected through openings in the pipesinto the. interior of the bottles, there preferably being one of suchwater pipes ahead of the two rows of brushes, and two of the water pipesat the rear of the rows of brushes, as shown, so that each bottle willfirst receive a rinsing, then a preliminary brushing, then a finalbrushing, followed by a second rinsing and a third rinsingas it travelsthrough the machine.

Also slidably mounted in the vertical guide slots of the movable frame24 is an upper clamping frame 37 which is lowered at the same time thatthe lower frame is raised. This movement of the upper clamping frame isproduced by adjustable connecting rods 38 connecting it with the shorterends of levers 30. Each of the connecting rods 38 comprises a screwmember threaded in a swivel nut on the upper clamping frame 37 and asleeve member pivotally mounted on the lever 30, and a connecting shaft38' passing through the machine and journaled at its ends in the twosleeve members carries beveled pinions meshing with beveled pinions onboth screw members and also carries a crank 38" at one end by which itmay be turned for producing simultaneous and equal adjustment of the twoconnecting rods 38.

The upper clamping frame 37 has a pair of horizontal rods 33 at its endswhich form pivotal supports for a: number of bottle gage frames 40.These gage frames carry gage members 41 at their ends directly above thebrush spindles 34, and have downwardly projecting cam fingers thereon toreceive and center the bottoms of the bottles between them and hold thebottles in clamping relation with the yielding funnelshaped sleeves 33while the internal scrubbing by means of the brushes on spindles 34 isbeing performed. The gage frames are releasably held in their normalpositions by spring pressed clamping jaws 4-2 thereon engaging the lowersurfaces of square clamping rods 43 extending across the clamping frame37 and positioned with their diagonals vertical and horizontal.

Spring clamps 42 hold the gage frames 40- in their normal positionsuntil they are overcome by an abnormal pressure on the bottles, as upona brush spindle 34 being lifted against a crowned bottle or a bottlecontaining a cork or other obstruction. The bottle being lifted by theupward movement of the brush spindle carries the jaws of the springclamp 42 above the engaged surfaces of the clamping rods 43 and the gageframe is free to swing upwardly to allow the bottle to be lifted withoutinjuring the mechanism. There are as many bottle gage frames 40 as thereare bottle openings in each of the bottle carriers 23, but any one ofthem, when raised, will engage and lift a cross bar 44 which is carriedby arms 44 pivotally mounted on the rods 39. shaped cam blades 45 arecarried by the cross rods 44 at one end thereof and are adapted toengage arc-shaped cam wings 46 on a trip member 47 which is pivotallymounted on a vertical axis to lugs on the frame 37. An arm 48 extendingfrom the trip member 47 is bent outwardly and downwardly to engage atrigger of an automatic stop mechanism to stop the operation of themachine whenever said arm is moved by the swinging of the stop member 47incident to the movement of one of the cam blades 44' against the camedge of one of the wings 46, shown in Fig. 9, as upon the lifting of oneof the bottle gage frames 40 in the manner described. One of the rods 39has arms 49 adjustably mounted on it carrying a rotary brush 50 which isdriven in any suitable manner and serves to scrub the bottoms of thebottles as they pass from beneath the upper clamping frame, and a waterpipe 51 above the brush sprays water thereon to facilitate the cleaningoperation. Above the water pipes 35 there are water guards 52 comprisingsheet metal plates with downwardly turned edges suitably secured to theclamping bars 43 to intercept the sprays of water from the water pipes35 when bottles are missing.

In addition to the clamping frames, the vertical slots of the swingingreciprocated Arcframe 24 serve to guide the vertical movements of a gearbox 53, into which the tubular brush spindles 3i are journaled, andcommunicate with longitudinal water chambers 54 thereof to which wateris supplied under pressure. Extending longitudinally of the gear box isa shaft 55 on which are a number of beveled pinions 56 meshing withbeveled pinions 57 of gear Wheels 58, each of the later meshing withinions 59 on four of the brush spindles 34. hus the shaft 55 drives allof the brush spindles in the same direction and at the same speed. Theends of the gear box 53, while sliding in the grooves of the guideframes 24, are pivotally mounted on the ends of counterweighted levers60 which are fulcrumed on upstanding pivot links 61 which in turn areivotally mounted to the sides of the frame.

he two levers 60 are connected at their outer ends by a counterwei ht 62which counterbalances the weight of the gear box to facilitate theraising and lowering thereof. One of the links 61 has an electric motor63 mounted thereon, orpreferably on a separate pedestal pivotallymounted with the link, and a belt 64 connects said motor with a pulley65 on the shaft 55 of the gear box for driving the spindles.

A link 66 is mounted on a wrist pin on the cam gear wheel 27 andconnects with one arm of a bell crank lever 67 which is fulcrumed on theframe, the other arm of said bellcrank being connected by an adjustableconnecting rod 68 with one of the counterweighted levers 60, so that theturning of said cam gear 27 causes the levers 60 to swing and raise andlower the gear box with its revolving brush spindles. The adjustableconnection between the connecting rod 68 and the bell crank lever 67comprises a sleeve 69 pivotally connected to the upper end of saidconnecting rod and slidably mounted on the arm of the bell crank lever67 and controlled by a right and left hand screw 70 which is threaded inlugs on the sleeve and the bell crank lever respectively. The pivotalconnection between the connecting rod 68 and the sleeve 69 passes theline of dead center, or the line wvliich connects the fulcrum center ofthe bell crank lever 67 with the point of connection between theconnecting rod 68 and the lever 60, so that a dwell is produced in themovement of the brush spindles as they reach their highest point oftravel so as to prolong the scrubbing action thereof at the bottom ofthe bottle where cleaning is most difficult The upward movement of thebrushes within the bottles is of gradually diminishing speed, and afterthe brushes reach their uppermost position they move downwardly a shortdistance and then back to their uppermostposition before movingdownwardly out of the bottles. This'sho'rt' reciprocation at the end ofthe upward movement of the brushes assures a thorough cleaning of thebottoms of the bottles by increasing the duration of the brushingoperation at these points.

The connection between the connecting rod 68 and the lever 60 is ayielding connection that will release the connecting rod 68 upon theoccurrence of an abnormal resistance to the upward movement of the brushspindles. This connection preferably consists of a pair of rollers 71which are mounted on the. lever 60 and are held by adjustable springpressure in engagement with notches on opposite sides of the connectinrod 68, said rollers being capable of yie ding by moving apart whentheir spring pressureis" overcome and permitting the rod 68 to slidetherebetween. A rod 72 is connected with one of the rollers 71 andconnects with a bell crank 73 in the line of the pivotal axis of thelever 60, which bell crank is connected by a rod 74 with an automatictrip mechanism to stop the operation of the machine as soon as theconnecting rod 68 is allowed to slip between the rollers 71, themovement of the rollers in spreading apart serving to pull upon the rod72 and 4 thereby push upon the rod 7i to effect such result. g,

The automatic stop mechanism for step ping the operation of the machinewhen the connecting rod 68 is released from its driving connection withthe lever 60 or when one of the bottle gage frames 10 is lifted, aspreviously explained, comprises a spring actuated arm 75 which ispivotally mounted on a plate 76 secured to the frame and bears against ashoulder or fixed collar 77 on a clutch operating rod 78- which connectswith a clutch operating lever 78 and extends to a position in convenientaccess to the attendant. A trigger plate 79 is pivot-ally mountedbetween ears on the plate 76 and at its upper part is provided with araised, inclined stop 80 to engage and hold the arm 75 in the full lineposition of Fig. 10, to which it may be moved against the action of itsspring either by pressure on the rod 78 or by means of the handle 81projecting from the upper end thereof. The. movement of the arm 75 islimited by stop lugs .32 on the plate. 76. The stop 80 on the triggerplate 7 9 is only in position to engage and hold the arm 75 when saidtrigger plate is in its normal forward position in which it is held by acoil spring 83 in the rear thereof. The trigger plate 7 9, however, maybe swung rearwardly to disengage the stop 80 from the arm 75, as by suchupward its dotted line position in Fig. 10, and in being swung pusheswith its rounded hearing surface against the shoulder of said collar 77on clutch operatin rod 78, and thus moves such clutch operating rod todisengage the clutch to stop the operation of the machine;

The swinging movement of the trigger plate 79 to carry the stop 80 outof the path of arm 75 will also be produced by the movement of the arm48 of the upper bottle clamp safety stop mechanism previously describedas taking place when one of the bottles is lifted by the brush spindle,and for this purpose the upper edge of the trigger plate '7 9 has ahorizontal arm 85 projecting from it in position to be engaged by thevertical trip arm 48 so that when the latter is swung inwardly it swingsthe trigger plate 79 rearwardly against the pressure of its spring 83 torelease the lever 75, whereupon the spring of said lever causes it toswing to the dotted line position to open the clutch and stop themachine. In order that injury may not be caused to the machine bystarting it in operation again after it.has been automatically stopped,and before the cause for stopping the machine has been discovered andremoved, a dog 86 is provided to engage the arm 75 and prevent its beingreturned to its normal position as long as the trigger plate 79 remainsin its depressed position.

This dog 86 is pivotally mounted on the trigger plate 79 and has a tooth87 extending only part way across its lower surface so as to only be inthe path of travel of a tooth 88 on the end of'arm 75 when the triggerplate 79 is in its depressed position. When the trigger plate 79 is inits normal forward position the arm 75 is free to swing withoutinterference by the dog, the dog merely resting thereon so that afterthe obstruction has been removed, and thereafter the trigger plate 79has been restored to its normal forward position, the machine may bestarted in its operation by swinging the arm 7 5 to its full lineposition where it will again be engaged by the stop 80. This resettingof the arm 75 may be performed by pressure on the rod 78 or by pushingon the handle 81.

At the front end of the machine an automatic loader is provided which isadapted to receive the bottles from a conveyer such as the belt conveyerof a soaker and then invert them and deposit them in the openings of thebottle carriers in the ascending flight of the bottle conveyer 20. Thisloading mechanism comprises side frames 88 pivotally mounted concentricwith the idle sprockets 22 of the conveyer, preferably on the same shafttherewith, and connected at their rear ends by a counterweight 89 andhaving a reversible chute 9O pivotally mounted at their outer ends anddivided by partitions 105 to limit their movement.

into pockets to receive and hold the bottles from the time they aredischarged by a bottle delivery conveyer 91 until they are inverted anddeposited in the openings of the bottle carriers 23. The swingingmovement of the loader is provided by an arm 92 on one of the sideframes 88 thereof, having a connection '93 with the driving mechanism ofthe soaker or other mechanism of which the conveyer 91 is a part, sothat the operation of the loader will be properly timed with relation tothe operation of the delivery conveyer 91. The operation of the loaderis also in synchronism with the operation of the bottle washing machine,the latter being driven from the soaker operating mechanism for thispurpose. A pinion 94 is provided on one end of the loading chute 90 toengage teeth of a stationary segmental rack 95 for inverting the loadingchute at the beginning of its upward movement, and an arc-shapedstationary guide plate 96 has the necks of the bottles bear thereon whenthe chute is inverted and until it completes its swinging movement bycarrying the bottles off of said guide plate and dropping them into theopenings in the carriers 23. When this is done the loader is returned toits position for receiving the next row of bottles from the conveyer 91,and just before completing such movement the pinions 94 rengage theteeth of the segmental rack 95 and restore the chute to its position forreceiving the bottles.

At the rear end of the machine is an inspection rest and unloadingmechanism into which the bottles are discharged from the bottle loaders23 as they pass around the idle sprockets 19. Arms 97 adjustably mountedon the sides of the frame support at their ends a sheet metal inspectionbox 98 which is lighted by electric lamps 99 in .the bottom thereof, andhave stationary,

inclined guide rods 100 down which the bottles are adapted to slide whenleaving the bottle carriers 23. The bottles are assisted in theirdisengagement from the bottle carriers 23 by the action of a suitablydriven discharge roller 101 against which they contact after leaving anadjustable, stationary, curved bottle. discharge guard 102 which is inposition to engage the bottoms of the bottles and prevent their fallingfrom the carriers before reaching the roller 101. Journaled across theinspection box 98 is a shaft 103 carrying a frame of parallel arms 104which at the same time the bottles slide down the chute rods 100 are inposition to receive them. As shown in Fig. 1, the bottles come to restby engaging stationary bent spring stop fingers A crank on the shaft 103is connected by a link 106 with a cam lever 107 which is pivotallymounted on the arm 97 and has a roller traveling in a cam groove of thecam gear 27 which with each cycle of operation of the machine for eachrow of bottles on the carrier causes the shaft 103 to swing upwardly tothe position shown in Fig. 2, thereby causing the discharge frame 104 tolift the bottles by sliding them along the curved stop fingers 105 andonto a traveling conveyor belt 108 by means of which they are carriedupright to the filling machine. Before the next row of bottles is readyto be discharged into the inspection box 98 the frame 104 is returned toits position for receiving them, and by the time one row of bottles isready to be discharged onto the belt conveyor 108 a preceding row haspassed out of the way thereof.

The time interval between the fall of the bottles onto the inspectionrack formed by the frame 104 and their discharge therefrom is suflicientto permit the attendant to thoroughly inspect each bottle with the lightshining through from beneath so that any bottle which is not perfectlyclean may be removed.

The machine of this invention with its bottle conveyer 20 in continuousuninterrupted travel is adapted to have the bottles fed thereto by theautomatic loading device, such bottles being taken by the chute 90 andinverted and dropped into the openings of the bottle carriers, and thenin their travel along the horizontal flight of the conveyer chain therows of bottles are subjected to successive rinsing and scrubbingoperations from the mechanism carried by the oscillating frame 24, thebottles becoming clamped between the upper and lower clamping members ofsaid frame, and while so clamped having the rotating brush spindlesforced into them with the reciprocat-' ing motion at the end of theirupward travel, so that the interior thereof becomes thoroughly scoured.Then the bottles are discharged into the inspection chute for aninspection before automatic delivery to the discharge conveyer. Thedegree to which the brush spindles will be forced upwardly intothe-bottles is determined by the adjustment of the right and left handscrew which increases or diminishes the throw of lever 67 by moving itspivotal connection with the connecting rod 68 nearer to or farther fromits pivotal axis. This, of course, varies the throw of the levers 60operated thereby, and consequently the distance of travel of the gearbox 53 which carries the brush spindles. The upper clamping frame 37 maybe adjusted in position for accommodating bottles. of different sizes byturning the screw members 38 by means of their crank shaft 38'.

Upon the occurrence of an obstruction to 'the proper operation of themachine the automatic stops are effective for stopping the machine, thuspreventing accidental injury thereto. A lever 109 is fulcrumed on theframe and is connected with a water valve 110 in a pipe supplying waterto the. machine and is operated'by a handle 111, which is convenient tothe operator.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. In a bottle washing machine having a traveling bottle conveyer,inclined parallel rods forming an inspection chute in position torecelve the bottles from the conveyer, and means for producing a lightbeneath the inspection chute.

the pivotal connection between the connecting rod and the bell cranklever being so positioned that it passes the line connecting the fulcrumof the bell crank lever with the connterweighted lever connection ofsaid connecting rod in the extreme position of the brushing member,whereby a short reciprocation is produced at the end of the travel ofthe brushing member.

3. A bottle washing machine, comprising a bottle holder, a brushingmember movable with relation thereto and having suitably driven brushspindles adapted to enter the bottles on the bottle holder, a suitablyfulcrumed counterweighted lever connected with the brushing member, adrive shaft having an eccentric wrist pin, a suitably fulcrumed bellcrank lever, a link connecting one arm of the bell crank lever with thewrist pin, a sleeve slidably mounted on the other arm of the bell cranklever, an adjusting screw for moving the sleeve nearer to or fartherfrom the fulcrum of the bell crank lever, and a connecting rodconnecting the sleeve with the counterweighted lever.

4. A bottle washing machine, comprising a frame, a continuously movingbottle conveyer thereon, vertical guide frames suspended by links fromthe frame, an upper and lower bottle clamping means mounted on thevertical guide frames and adapted to engage the bottles between them, agear box slidably mounted in the guide frames and carrying suitablyoperated brush spindles for entering-the bottles when so clamped,counterweighted levers fulcrumed on links pivotally mounted on theframe, a bell crank shaft havin lever fulcrumed on the frame, aconnecting rod connecting one. arm of the bell crank lever with acounterweighted lever, a drive an eccentric wrist pin, and a linkconnecting the wrist pin with the other arm of the bell crank lever.

5. A bottle washing machine, comprising a frame, a continuously movingbottle conveyer thereon, vertical guide frames suspended by links fromthe frame, an upper and lower bottle clamping means mounted on thevertical guide frames, suitably operated levers fulcrumed on thevertical guide frames and having connections With the upper and lowerbottle clamping means, the connections for the upper bottle clampingmeans comprising screw members threaded in the upper clamping means,yoked sleeve members pivotally mounted on the lovers and fitting aroundthe screw members, and a shaft having a crank handle journaled in theyoked sleeve members and having beveled gear connections with each ofthe screw members whereby the turning of the shaft will simultaneouslyadjust both ends of the bottle clamping means, a brushing memberslidably mounted on the guide frames and carrying suitably) operatedbrush spindles for entering the ottles when so clamped, and means forsliding the brushing member in the guide frames.

6. In a bottle washing machine, a bottle conveyer adapted to carrybottles in an inverted position, upper and lower bottle clamping meansengaging and clamping the bottles between them while held by theconveyer, brush spindles adapted to be projected from the lower clampingmeans into the interior of the bottles, swinging bottle gage frames onthe upper clamping member engaging the upper ends of the bottles,

spring pressed clampingjaws thereon, and

a rod en aged by theblamping jaws permitting t e gage frames to yieldunder abnormal pressure.

7. In a bottle washing machine, a bottle conveyer adapted to carrybottles in an inverted position, an upper and lower bottle clampingmeans engaging and clamping the bottles between them while held by theconveyer, brush spindles adapted to be projected from the lower clampingmeans into the interior of the bottles, swinging bottle gage frames onthe upper clamping member engaging the upper ends ofl the bottles,spring pressed clamping jaws thereon, a rod engaged by the clamping jawspermitting the gage frames to yield under abnormal pressure, a swingingframe passing over the gage frames to be lifted thereby, and means forstopping-the operation of the machine operated by the movements of'theswinging frame.

8. In a bottle washing machine, a bottle conveyer adapted to carrybottles in an inverted position, an upper and a lower bottle clampingmeans engaging and clamping the bottles between them while held by theconveyer, brush spindles adapted to be projected from the lower clampingmeans into the interior of the bottles, swinging bottle gage frames onthe upper clamping means engaging the upper end of the bottles, springpressed clamping jaws thereon, a rod engaged by the clamping jawspermitting the gage frames to yield under abnormal pressure, a swingingframe passing over the gage frames to be lifted thereby, a trip memherhaving cam engagement with the swinging frame to be moved thereby, anarm carried by the trip member, and a stop. mechanism operated by themovements of the arm.

In testimony whereof, I aflix my signature, in presence of twowitnesses.

GEORGE J. MEYER.

Witnesses:

KATHERINE HOLT, R. S. C. CALDWELL.

